Nutrition in early life plays a crucial role in shaping the neonatal gut microbiome, which is essential for the development of the immune system and overall health. Research indicates that human milk is a key factor in promoting a diverse and beneficial microbial community, as it contains prebiotics such as human milk oligosaccharides that nourish specific beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium.

Studies have shown that infants exclusively fed human milk for the first six months have a more robust gut microbiota composition compared to those fed formula, which often lacks these prebiotic components. Additionally, the timing of solid food introduction and dietary diversity during weaning can further influence microbial diversity, impacting metabolic functions and disease susceptibility later in life.

Thus, early nutritional choices significantly affect the establishment and development of the gut microbiome, highlighting the importance of optimizing infant feeding practices for long-term health outcomes.

Studies from our lab

Our research focuses on understanding how early life nutrition shapes the infant gut microbiome and its implications for long-term health. Our research first identified crucial associations between specific components of human milk—nutritional, hormonal, and inflammatory—and the infant gut microbiota at six months of age.

These findings laid the foundation for subsequent work, where we investigated how alternative infant diets, namely infant formula, supplemented with prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, could influence the gut microbiome and mitigate obesity risk factors.

To further unravel these connections, we are leading a longitudinal study that traces the evolution of human milk components and the infant gut microbiome across lactation stages in early life.

In parallel, we are examining how solid diet can influence the infant/toddler gut microbiome based on (i) food source such as infant homemade versus commercial foods, (ii) individual ingredients or dietary patterns in infants/toddlers during the solid food introduction period, and (iii) maternal dietary patterns such as low-fat diet during pregnancy.

During infancy and early childhood, metabolic processes are highly adaptive, supporting rapid growth and development. Research indicates that the nutritional composition of early diets—such as the balance of macronutrients and the presence of essential vitamins and minerals—can shape metabolic pathways and influence energy balance.

Early exposure to high-sugar or high-fat diets can lead to metabolic dysregulation and increase the risk of obesity and related chronic diseases later in life. Additionally, the gut microbiome, which develops during this period, plays a pivotal role in metabolic health by influencing nutrient absorption and fat storage.

Understanding the intricacies of metabolism in early life is essential for informing dietary guidelines and interventions aimed at promoting optimal growth and preventing future health issues.

Studies from our lab

The PEADS Lab has procured the first infant metabolic chamber in Canada (and second in the world). Using this state-of-the-art technology, we have several planned studies focusing on metabolism in early life, including examining predictors and consequences of metabolic rate.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has significant implications for both maternal health and the development of the infant gut microbiome. Research indicates that mothers with GDM may have altered human milk composition, including variations in macronutrients and the presence of certain bioactive compounds, which can influence the establishment of the infant gut microbiota.

Infants born to mothers with GDM may experience differences in microbial diversity, potentially leading to long-term health consequences such as obesity and metabolic disorders. Human milk, rich in prebiotics and beneficial bacteria, plays a crucial role in shaping the infant gut microbiome, fostering the growth of beneficial microorganisms while inhibiting harmful ones.

Understanding the interplay between GDM, human milk composition, and the infant gut microbiome is essential for developing strategies to optimize infant health and prevent future metabolic issues.

Studies from our lab

Our work in the PEADS Lab aims to understand the intricate relationships between GDM, human milk, and the infant gut microbiome. We aim to develop targeted nutritional and physical activity interventions for mothers with GDM to promote healthier outcomes for both mothers and their infants, including human milk composition and the infant gut microbiome and metabolites.

Perinatal factors play a critical role in shaping both maternal and infant health outcomes. Key factors such as interpregnancy interval, parity, health history, and lifestyle factors such as nutrition and physical activity levels can affect maternal physical and mental health and health of the offspring.

For instance, shorter interpregnancy intervals have been associated with higher risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Understanding the interplay of these perinatal factors is essential for developing targeted interventions and support systems that promote healthier pregnancies and improved health trajectories for both mothers and infants.

Studies from our lab

In our recent study examining the effects of interpregnancy interval on maternal postpartum depression and anxiety, we sought to understand how the timing between pregnancies influences maternal mental health.

By analyzing data from a diverse cohort of mothers, we found that age, a history of mental health issues, and social support rather than interpregnancy interval significantly related to postpartum anxiety and depression.

These findings underscore the importance of considering social determinants of health as a critical factor in maternal health care, emphasizing the need for targeted support and interventions for women navigating closely spaced pregnancies.

Maternal nutrition behaviours and feeding styles play a pivotal role in determining health outcomes for both mothers and their newborns. Evidence suggests that balanced maternal nutrition, coupled with supportive feeding practices, is linked to healthier birth weights and a reduced risk of developmental disorders.

For instance, positive feeding styles, such as being responsive to hunger cues, contribute to better nutritional habits in children and improved maternal health. Conversely, restrictive or emotionally driven eating behaviours can lead to nutrient deficiencies and increased health risks during pregnancy.

Therefore, addressing maternal nutrition and feeding behaviors is essential for fostering optimal health trajectories for both mothers and their children throughout pregnancy and beyond.

Studies from our lab

We have characterized maternal nutrition behaviours and examined their effects on maternal or neonatal health outcomes.

For example, we have characterized (i) maternal eating behaviours and dietary patterns during pregnancy and (ii) maternal perceptions and practices of Canadian infant and toddler feeding recommendations. Additionally, we have highlighted relationships between (ii) maternal eating behaviours and infant feeding styles postpartum, (ii) maternal mindful eating and metabolic outcomes, and (iii) the protein leverage hypothesis during pregnancy and maternal/neonatal adiposity.

Currently, we are examining how mindful eating interventions can optimize maternal dietary practices and infant feeding, and have planned studies on health implications of circadian nutrition during pregnancy and postpartum.

The nutrition food supply for infants and toddlers is critical for supporting their rapid growth and development during the early years of life. Evidence shows that access to a diverse range of nutrient-rich foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and high-quality proteins, is essential for establishing healthy eating habits and preventing nutritional deficiencies.

In contrast, limited availability of wholesome options or an overabundance of processed and sugary foods can lead to unhealthy dietary patterns, increasing the risk of obesity and chronic diseases later in life.

Research indicates that early exposure to a variety of flavors and textures can positively influence children's acceptance of healthy foods, setting the stage for lifelong preferences. Therefore, ensuring a reliable supply of nutritious foods is vital for promoting optimal health and well-being in infants and toddlers, highlighting the importance of supporting food systems that prioritize healthy options for young families.

Studies from our lab

In a recent study, we conducted a comprehensive characterization of all packaged products available in Canadian supermarkets for infants up to 24 months of age. This research aimed to analyze the nutritional quality, ingredient composition, and labeling practices of these products, providing a detailed overview of the options available to parents and caregivers.

By assessing a wide range of items, from baby foods to snacks, we identified trends in the types of ingredients used, including the prevalence of added sugars and preservatives. Our findings highlight critical insights into the nutritional landscape for infants, revealing both strengths and areas for improvement within the current market.

This study serves as a foundation for further research and advocacy in the PEADS Lab aimed at promoting healthier food choices for infants and supporting informed decision-making among families.