The techniques of natural deduction, including conditional proof, indirect proof and separation of cases. Emphasizes applications in sentence logic and in the logic of quantification up to the logic of relations.

Examine moral problems arising in business. Become familiar with ethical theory and its relevance for business decision making. NOTE: students can receive credit for only one of PHIL 2203 and 3204. While this course is open to all students, only one upper division course in applied ethics (PHIL 3204, PHIL 3206, PHIL 3207, PHIL 3208, PHIL 3209, PHIL 3211, PHIL 3261, PHIL 3262) counts towards the major or Honours requirements, without permission of chair or advisor. 

Examine ethical issues raised by problems in bio-ethics, such as experimentation with human subjects, euthanasia, assisted suicide, cessation of medical treatment, patients' rights, informed consent, and tissue transplantation. Open to 2nd year students and above. NOTE: Students cannot receive credit for both 2209 and 3209. While this course is open to all students, only one upper division course in applied ethics (PHIL 3204, PHIL 3206, PHIL 3207, PHIL 3208, PHIL 3209, PHIL 3211, PHIL 3261, PHIL 3262) counts towards the major or Honours requirements, without permission of chair or advisor. 

Administrators can be found in government, NGOs, schools, hospitals, the armed forces, for-profit businesses, etc. This course strives to address two key questions: What responsibilities do these administrators have to others? And why do they have such responsibilities? Analytical methods presented in the course help to answer these questions. Students will be expected to understand the justification for each of these methods, be able to apply them to cases discussed in class, and ultimately be able to recommend and defend what actions administrators ought to take according to each method. In conjunction with the above analytical tools, the course will also introduce a variety of “thinking methods,” such as formal logic, thought experiments, and game theory, which underlie the tools. NOTE:Students can receive credit for only one of PHIL 2251, PHIL 3251, and PHIL 3262. While this course is open to all students, only one upper division course in applied ethics (PHIL 3204, PHIL 3206, PHIL 3207, PHIL 3208, PHIL 3209, PHIL 3211, PHIL 3261, PHIL 3262) counts towards the major or Honours requirements, without permission of chair or advisor. 

The period of philosophy beginning with Thales and culminating with Plato. Stresses the development of certain key themes and problems in this period and their influence on later philosophical thought. Half the course is devoted to examining philosophical thought prior to Plato; the other half focuses on Plato's thought.

Focuses on Aristotle and subsequent developments in Greek philosophy. Half the course examines different aspects of Aristotle's thought, the other half considers post-Aristotelian schools of thought. 

Introduction to some of the philosophical issues of 17th-century philosophy, such as: philosophical method; the nature, scope and limits of knowledge; the nature of reality; the question of the nature and existence of God. Reference is made to selections from some of the important philosophers of the era--e.g., Descartes, Locke.

Introduction to some of the philosophical issues of 17th- and 18th-century philosophy, such as: philosophical method; the nature, scope and limits of knowledge; the nature of reality; the question of the nature and existence of God. Reference is made to selections from some of the important philosophers of the era--e.g., Leibniz, Hume. 

This course focuses primarily on the philosophical works of Adam Smith, a founder of capitalism, and Karl Marx, a founder of communism. The socio-political-economic structures they envisioned for society are defined, and the justificatory arguments they provide for their structures are examined. The philosophical foundations of anarchism, feudalism, Leninism, libertarianism, mercantilism, and socialism may also be studied for comparison purposes, time permitting. Open to 2nd year students and above.

Examines the major themes of existential philosophy developed in the nineteenth and twentieth Centuries such as the self, existence, freedom, and relationships with others, and shows how this helped to inform the basis of contemporary postmodernism. References are made to selections from some of the important existential thinkers (e.g. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, Simone Weil, Camus, Arendt, Heidegger), and to important postmodern thinkers (e.g., Derrida, Foucault).

This course introduces students to the philosophical method of phenomenology. Developed by the German philosopher Edmund Husserl, the method of what he called “pure phenomenology” has determined the character of Continental Philosophy throughout the 20th century. Emerging as a radical break with the philosophical tradition, Husserl’s thought provided the method that would determine the course of 20th century existential philosophy and serve as the point of departure for postmodernism. The course will be concerned with the main features of Husserl’s thought, particularly his theory of the intentional structure of consciousness, his critique of traditional epistemology, and the foundations and crises of the sciences, as well as his views on the “natural attitude,” the “irreality” of “the world,” and the “life-world.” 

This course provides an in-depth study of Plato's most important and influential dialogue--his masterpiece on justice, the Republic. We shall cover all of its major philosophical problems through a close reading of the whole dialogue, also taking account the role of the dramatic element of the dialogue for understanding those problems.

Friedrich Nietzsche saw the beginning of western philosophy as the birth of a cultural death-wish glorified in the suicide of Socrates. This course looks at Nietzsche’s portrait of Socrates in order to access his perception of ancient Greek philosophy, tragic poetry and culture. In so doing, the course will clarify Nietzsche’s attacks on Christianity and Modernity as sources of the nihilism he believed would promote the death-wish of “Socratism.” The course will also give some consideration to Nietzsche’s confrontation with nihilism in terms of his conceptions of the Will to Power, the Ubermensche, the Revaluation of all Values, the Master Race, and Eternal Recurrence.

This course will concentrate on the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995). Initially influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, Levinas’ philosophical path diverged in the direction of Ethics as a radical critique of the traditional view of human beings as “knowing” or “rational” subjects. This course will look at Levinas’ ethics both as a critique of traditional and contemporary theories of knowledge and existence, as well as a post-modern critique of western philosophy. These concerns are developed through Levinas’ descriptions of our encounter with the “Other” in terms of his investigations into the human face, desire, gift, language, the concern for justice, and God.

This course approaches Kierkegaard’s philosophy through his text Philosophical Fragments. Written by one of the foremost of continental philosophers, this text explores the possibility of something we rarely hear spoken of these days–namely, the possibility of a relationship with absolute, eternal truth. This text will serve as a means to clarifying some of the central features of Kierkegaard’s thinking such as: the relationship between reason and faith, the status of the self as a rational identity, the significance of human life within history, the aesthetic, ethical and religious modes of existence, and indirect communication.

This course examines Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil and Simone de Beauvoir’s The Ethics of Ambiguity. Through a close reading of these texts, the class will look at how both Arendt and de Beauvoir explore the politics of hate. Coming to their investigations via the European experience of mechanized mass murder and the routine events of terror and evil during World War II, these philosophers attempt to speak not only to their own generation but to ours as well.

The popular view of the “existentialist” owes much to Jean-Paul Sartre–the most well known philosopher of post WW II Europe. Having studied with Edmund Husserl, who exposed him to the method of “pure phenomenology,” Sartre would apply this method in his descriptions of human freedom as “dread,” “bad-faith,” “the look,” and “desire,” to mention just a few of the themes found in his philosophical texts, plays, and novels. The course will concentrate primarily on his Being and Nothingness, to explore how Sartre recognizes the intentional structure of human consciousness in relation to ourselves, our bodies, human relationships, atheism, and the world.

This course concentrates on two central themes: the first is Foucault’s perception of the "genealogy" of the social sciences in relation to the practices of incarceration and punishment in mid-eighteenth century Europe. The second follows his perception of contemporary interpretations of self-identity as they have been generated by: the continued growth of penal institutions, the social sciences as disciplines of “subjectivity”, the distinction between torture and punishment, and subjective vs. objective surveillance.

This course examines philosophical responses to tyranny during the Nazi period, considering anti-Nazi thinkers (such as Hannah Arendt, Winthrop Bell, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Albert Camus, Dietrich von Hildebrand, Gustav Hübener, Edmund Husserl, Aurel Kolnai, Bertrand Russell, Jean-Paul Sartre, Edith Stein, the White Rose) and pro-Nazi philosophers (Martin Heidegger, Carl Schmitt). We will also consider classical political philosophical critiques of tyranny, and ask whether it is legitimate to blame 19th century German philosophy and other modern philosophical tendencies for inspiring Nazism.

Immanuel Kant's philosophy is influenced by David Hume and the Scientific Method. This course will examine these influences on his philosophy by reading one Kant's major texts. In the light of this reading his answer to questions such as "Can we ever know first principles?"; Space?": "Does God exist?" and "How can we be moral beings?" will be explored.

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) wrote widely in the fields of metaphysics and ethics as well as in theology. Furthermore, Aquinas was a well-read philosopher who had an extensive knowledge of the Bible, the writings of the early Church Fathers, and other philosophers and theologians including thinkers from Ancient Greece, Judaism, and Islam. Aquinas’ writings are reflected in the poetry of Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), especially in the structure and events of his Divine Comedy. In this course, we will examine Dante’s poetry as an introduction to the thought of Aquinas and as a way of understanding some of his philosophical ideas.

What is a human being? Are human beings simply material objects? Are they a combination of matter and soul? What is consciousness and how can it be explained? In this class students will be introduced to these questions and will explore various answers to these questions from the history of philosophy and from contemporary discussions. Students will engage the answers provided in class as a means of formulating their own understanding of the connection between mind and brain and mind and body.

Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions, challenged traditional conceptions of science and scientific progress and precipitated much of contemporary discussions in philosophy of science. Focusing on the history of science, Kuhn argued that logical reconstructions of science were inadequate. His argument encouraged philosophers of science to construct relativistic accounts of science and scientific progress. Beginning with the Logical Positivists, this course will trace different accounts of science, with special attention to the debate between realist and anti-realist conceptions of science.

Explores some of the traditional issues associated with belief in God, including: the arguments for God's existence, the problem of evil, the meaningfulness of religious language, and how the divine attributes are to be understood.

Various models of how God might be conceived to act in the physical universe are explored and evaluated. These include Nancey Murphy’s quantum indeterminacy model, John Polkinghorne’s chaos theory model, and Arthur Peacocke’s top down causality model.

This course examines the relationship between science and religious belief. Questions of whether design is a legitimate scientific concept, whether methodological naturalism is a prerequisite of scientific inquiry, and whether ‘God of the gaps’ arguments are ever legitimate will be examined, as will be various models of how God is conceived as working within nature.

This course is a seminar in contemporary analytic metaphysics. Topics to be discussed may include personal identity, identity over time, causation, free will, and ontology.

This course provides a contemporary treatment of key themes in liberal political theory, especially the work of John Rawls. We will pay special attention to his conception of freedom (both its worth and extent) and equality, as well as their compatibility and role in justice. The second half of the course considers some important communitarian critics of liberal political theory, including Alisdair MacIntyre, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor.

Courses of independent study of specified texts or topics in Philosophy under the supervision of a member of the Department. These courses will normally be given only between May and August inclusive and with the agreement of the supervisor. They require the approval of the Chair of the Department and the Dean of the student's Faculty, and are subject to the regulations for individual Studies published in the Intersession/Summer Session Calendar. 

Examine moral problems arising in business. Become familiar with ethical theory and its relevance for business decision making. NOTE: students can receive credit for only one of PHIL 2203 and 3204. While this course is open to all students, only one upper division course in applied ethics (PHIL 3204, PHIL 3206, PHIL 3207, PHIL 3208, PHIL 3209, PHIL 3211, PHIL 3261, PHIL 3262) counts towards the major or Honours requirements, without permission of chair or advisor. 

Examine ethical issues raised by problems in bio-ethics, such as experimentation with human subjects, euthanasia, assisted suicide, cessation of medical treatment, patients' rights, informed consent, and tissue transplantation. Open to 2nd year students and above. NOTE: Students cannot receive credit for both PHIL 2209 and PHIL 3209. While this course is open to all students, only one upper division course in applied ethics (PHIL 3204, PHIL 3206, PHIL 3207, PHIL 3208, PHIL 3209, PHIL 3211, PHIL 3261, PHIL 3262) counts towards the major or Honours requirements, without permission of chair or advisor.  

Examine a rapidly emerging field of applied ethics concerning issues such as autonomous weapons systems, digital intelligence gathering, cyberwarfare, block chain technology, and digital health. NOTE: While this course is open to all students, only one upper division course in applied ethics (PHIL 3204, PHIL 3206, PHIL 3207, PHIL 3208, PHIL 3209, PHIL 3211, PHIL 3261, PHIL 3262) counts towards the major or Honours requirements, without permission of chair or advisor.