Marcelo Santos

Marcelo Santos has been a faculty member of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at the University of New Brunswick since 2000.

He holds a BScE in Cartographic (Geomatics) Engineering from Rio de Janeiro State University (1982). In 1990 he obtained his M. Sc. degree in Geophysics from the Rio de Janeiro National Observatory. In 1995 he obtained his PhD in Geodesy from the University of New Brunswick.

Soon after obtaining his B. Sc. E. degree, Dr. Santos worked in the private sector and at the Directorate of Hydrography of the Brazilian Navy. After obtaining his PhD, Dr. Santos worked as Associate Researcher at the Department of Geophysics of the Rio de Janeiro National Observatory, and as professor at the Department of Geomatics of the Federal University of Paraná, in Brazil. Dr. Santos has also worked as consultant to Canadian and international private and government agencies.

His research interests are related to Space and Physical Geodesy, GNSS and navigation. His teaching areas are geodesy, adjustments, and kinematic positioning.

In a Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Marcelo holds the flag of Geodesy.

Dr. Santos is a member of the following organizations:

• Brazilian Society of Geophysics
• Canadian Geophysical Union
• Institute of Navigation
• Canadian Institute of Geomatics
• International Association of Geodesy
• Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of New Brunswick
• American Geophysical Union

Professional activities

President of International Association of Geodesy Commission 4 Positioning and Applications (2015-2019)

Chair, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, UNB (Jul/2012 - Jun/2017)

President of International Association of Geodesy Sub-Commission 4.3 Remote sensing and modelling of the atmosphere (2011-2015)

Senior National Delegate of Canada with the International Association of Geodesy (2007-2011) and member of CNC-IUGG.

Chair of International Association of Geodesy Commission IV Working Group 4.3.3 "Numerical Weather Prediction for Positioning" (2005-2007)

Junior National Delegate of Canada with the International Association of Geodesy (2003-2007)

Member-at-large, Steering Committee of Commission IV (Positioning), International Association of Geodesy (2003-2007)

Member of the Inter Committee Commission on Theory (ICCT) - Commission 4 Joint Working Group on "Statistics and Geometry in Mixed Integer Linear Models, with Applications to GPS and InSAR", International Association of Geodesy (2003-2007)

Member of the Executive of Canadian Institute of Geomatics New Brunswick Branch, in the quality of Treasurer (2003-2005)

Secretary of the Geodesy Section of the Canadian Geophysical Union (2002-2006)

Member of Working Groups 2 and 3 on the transition towards a geocentric reference frame in Brazil, organized by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).

Corresponding Member and contact person to the International VLBI Service (IVS).

Columnist of the magazine InfoGEO (1998-2004).

Founder and head of the Space Geodesy Laboratory of the Federal University of Paraná (1996-1999).

Vice-Director of Graduate Studies of the Graduate Program in Geodetic Sciences of the Federal University of Paraná (1996-1998).

"Ad hoc" consultant for the Editorial Board of the Brazilian Journal of Geophysics for paper review (1998-).

"Ad hoc" consultant of Rio de Janeiro's Research Foundation (FAPERJ). Adjudicator of research grant (1995-1999).

Member of the Local Organising Committee of the International Association of Geodesy Scientific Assembly, which took place in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 3 - 9 September, 1997.

Member of the Technical Committee of ExpoGEO Brasilâ99, promoted by EspaçoGEO, which took place in Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 24 - 28 May 1999.

Member of the Technical Committee of GIS Brasil 98, promoted by Sagres Editora, which took place in Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 25 - 29 May 1998.

Member of the Editorial Board of the Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, Federal University of Paraná (1997-1999).

Member, Deliberative Council, Brazilian Society of Cartography (1983-1987).

President, Brazilian Association of Cartographic Engineers (1985-1987).

Selected recent papers and reports

Vaníček, P and M. Santos (2019)
“What Height System Should be Used in Geomatics?” International Journal of Earth and Environmental Science, 4: 160. doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2456- 351X/2019/160

Bremner, M., and M. C. Santos (2019)
“A local projection for integrating geodetic and terrestrial coordinate systems.” Survey Review. DOI: 10.1080/00396265.2019.1597490

Sheng, Michael, Cliff Shaw, Petr Vaníček, Robert Kingdon, Marcelo Santos, Ismael Foroughi (2019)
“Formulation and validation of a global laterally varying topographical density model.” Tectonophysics, Vol. 762, No. 5, pp. 45-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.04.005.

Albarici, F.L., G. N. Guimarães, J. Trabanco, M.C. Santos (2019)
“Modelling of geodynamic effects affecting tide and GNSS measurements.” Revista Brasileira de Cartografia, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 75-98, DOI: 10.14393/rbcv71n1-46124.

Albarici, F.L., I. Foroughi, G. N. Guimarães, M.C. Santos, J. Trabanco (2019)
“A new perspective for physical heights in Brazil.” Bulletin of Geodetic Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 1, e2019001.

Albarici, F. L., G. N. Guimarães, I. Foroughi, M. Santos, and J. L. A. Trabanco (2018)
“Separação Entre Geoide e Quase-Geoide: Análise das Diferenças Entre as Altitudes Normal-Ortométrica e Ortométrica Rigoroa.” Anuário do Instituto de Geociências – UFRJ, Vol. 41-3/2018, p. 71-81. DOI 10.11137/2018_3_71_81.

Foroughi, I., A. Safari, P. Novák and M. C. Santos (2018)
“Application of Radial Basis Functions for Height Datum Unification.” Geosciences, Vol. 8, No. 10, pp. 369-382. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100369.

Santos, M. C., and Nikolaidou, T. (2018)
“Trends in modelling neutral-atmospheric electromagnetic delays in a ‘big data’ world.” Geo-spatial information science, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2018.1461780.

Mayaki, A.O., T. Nikolaidou, M. C. Santos, C. J. Okolie (2017)
“Assessing Nigerian GNSS Reference Network Precise Point Positioning Tropospheric Delays Using Numerical Weather Model.” International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/1345_2018_43.

Nikolaidou, T., Felipe Nievinski, Kyriakos Balidakis, Harald Schuh and Marcelo C. Santos (2017)
“Performance analysis of regional versus global Numerical Weather Model tropospheric prediction in GPS analysis.” International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/1345_2018_44.

Cavalheri, E. P., and M. C. Santos (2017)
“Assessment of GNSS and map integration for lane-level applications in the scope of Intelligent Transportation Location Based Services (ITLBS).” International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/1345_2018_45.

Foroughi, I., P. Vaníček, P. Novák, R. Kingdon, M. Sheng and M. C. Santos (2017)
“Optimal combination of satellite and terrestrial gravity data for regional geoid determination using Stokes-Helmert’s method, the Auvergne test case.” IAG Symposia Series, Vol. 146, pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/1345_2017_22.

Nikolaidou, T., K. Balidakis, F. Nievinski, M. Santos, and Harald Schuh (2017)
“Impact of different NWM-derived mapping functions on VLBI and GPS analysis.” Earth, Planets and Space. 70:95. DOI: 10.1186/s40623-018-0865-x.

Mendonça, M. A. M., R. M. White, M. C. Santos, and R. B. Langley (2016)
“Assessing GPS + Galileo Precise Point Positioning Capability for Integrated Water Vapor Estimation”. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, DOI 10.1007/1345_2016_227 , pp. 287-292.

Larocca, A., de Araújo Neto, J., Trabanco, J., dos Santos, M., and Barbosa, A. (2016)
"First Steps Using Two GPS Satellites for Monitoring the Dynamic Behavior of a Small Concrete Highway Bridge." J. Surv. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000170, 04016008.

Santos, M. C., D. Avalos, T. Peet, D. Kim, M. Sheng, J. Huang (2015)
"Assessment of GOCE models over Mexico and Canada and impact of omission errors." IAG Symposia Series, Vol. 139, Pages 339-345, DOI 10.1007/1345_2015_28.

Urquhart, L., M. C. Santos, F. G. Nievinski, and J. Böhm (2014)
"Generation and Assessment of VMF1-Type Grids Using North-American Numerical Weather Models." IAG Symposia Series, Vol. 139, Pages 3-12, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-37222-3_1.

Urquhart, L., M. C. Santos, C. A. Garcia, R. B. Langley, and R. F. Leandro (2014)
"Global Assessment of UNB's Online Precise Point Positioning Software." IAG Symposia Series, Vol. 139, Pages 585-592, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-37222-3_77.

Urquhart, L., F. G. Nievinski, and M. C. Santos (2013)
"Assessment of Tropospheric Mapping Functions Using Three-Dimensional Ray-tracing Through Numerical Weather Models." GPS Solutions, DOI 10.1007/s10291-013-0334-8.

Vaníček, P., R. Kingdon, M. Kuln, A. Ellman, W. Featherstone, M. C. Santos, Z. Matinec, C. Hirt, and D. Avalos-Naranjo (2013)
"Testing Stokes-Helmert geoid model computation on a synthetic gravity field: experiences and shortcomings." Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, doi: 10.1007/s11200-012-0270-z.

Urquhart, L, M. C. Santos and F. G. Nievinski (2012)
"Fitting of NWM Ray-traced Slant Factors to Closed-form Tropospheric Mapping Functions." International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Volume 136, Geodesy for Planet Earth, Part 4, Pages 809-816, Springer.

Mtamakaya, J., M. C. Santos and Michael Craymer (2012)
"Assessment of Temporal Behavior of IGS Stations in Canada Using Least Squares Spectral Analysis." International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Volume 136, Geodesy for Planet Earth, Part 3, Pages 705-712, Springer.

Verhangen, S. G. Retscher, M.C. Santos, X.L. Ding, Y. Gao. S.G. Jin (2012)
"Positioning and applications for planet Earth." International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Volume 136, Geodesy for Planet Earth, Part 4, Pages 713-718, Springer.

Santos, M. F., M. C. Santos, L. C. Oliveira, S. M. A. Costa, J. B. Azevedo, M. F. Galo (2012)
"PROGRID: the transformation package for the adoption of SIRGAS2000 in Brazil." International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Volume 136, Geodesy for Planet Earth, Part 5, Pages 869-875, Springer.

Fortes, L.P.S., S.M.A. Costa, M A. Abreu, A.L. Silva, N.J.M.Júnior, K. Barbosa, E. Gomes, J.G. Monico, M.C. Santos and P. Tétreault. (2012)
"Modernization and New Services of the Brazilian Active Control Network." International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Volume 136, Geodesy for Planet Earth, Part 6, Pages 967-972, Springer.

Kingdon, R., P. Vaníček and M. C. Santos (2012)
"Effects of hypothetical complex mass-density distributions on geoidal height." International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Volume 136, Geodesy for Planet Earth, Part 2, Pages 427-434, Springer.

Vaníček, P., R. Kingdon, and M. C. Santos (2012)
"Geoid versus quasigeoid: a case of physics versus geometry." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy, Vol. 42/1, pp. 101-118.

Böhm, J., H. Schuh, L. Urquhart, P. Steigenberger, and M. C. Santos (2011)
"Troposphere delay modeling based on Numerical Weather Models." Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium Scientific and Fundamental Aspects of the Galileo Programme, European Space Agency, 31 August – 2 September, 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Koohzare, A., P. Vaníček and M. C. Santos (2011)
"Smooth Piecewise Algebraic Approximation as applied to large-scale 2D scattered geodetic data fitting." Survey Review, Vol. 43, 323 pp. 663-678.

Mioc, D., F. Anton, B. Nickerson, M. Santos, P. Adda, T. Tienaah, A. Ahmad, M. Mezouaghi, E. MacGillivray, A. Morton, and P. Tang (2011)
"Flood Progression Modelling and Impact Analysis." Efficient Decision Support Systems - Practice and Challenges in Multidisciplinary Domains, C. Jao (Ed.), pp. 227-246, ISBN 978-953-307-441-2.

Urquhart, L., F. G. Nievinski, and M. C. Santos (2011)
"Ray-traced slant factors for mitigating the tropospheric delay at the observation level." Journal of Geodesy, Online First. doi: 10.1007/s00190-011-0503-x.

Nafisi, V., L. Urquhart, M. C. Santos, F. G. Nievinski, J. Böhm, D. D. Wijaya, H. Schuh, A. A. Ardalan,T. Hobiger, R. Ichikawa, F. Zus, J. Wickert, P. Gegout (2011)
"Comparison of Ray-Tracing Packages for Troposphere Delays." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2011.2160952

Rafiq, M., and M. C. Santos (2011)
"Detecting and mitigating ocean tidal loading displacements in the Bay of Fundy using GPS." Journal of Geodetic Science. Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 127-135. doi:10.2478/v10156-010-0015-2

Leandro, R. F., M. C. Santos and R. B. Langley (2011)
"Analyzing GNSS Data in Precise Point Positioning Software." GPS Solutions, Vol. 15, No.1, pp. 1-13, DOI: 10.1007/s10291-010-0173-9

Santos, M. C., R. van der Bree, H. van der Marel, S. Verhagen, and C. A. Garcia (2010)
"Experimental Assessment of a PPP-based P2-C2 bias estimation." Programme and Abstract Book, 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing NAVITEC 2010, Space Research and Technology Centre of the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, 8-10 December, 2010. doi: 10.1109/NAVITEC.2010.5708025.

Luddington, T., M. C. Santos and F. Nievinski (2010)
"Neutral Atmosphere induced GPS errors caused by the 2004 Halifax Weather Bomb." Geomatica, Vol. 64, No. 3, 303-312.

Vaníček P. and M. C. Santos (2010)
"Can mean values of Helmert's gravity anomalies be continued downward directly?" Geomatica, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 245-251.

Nievinski, F. G. and M. C. Santos (2010)
"Ray-tracing options to mitigate the neutral atmosphere delay in GPS." Geomatica, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 191-207.

Farret, J. F., M. C. SANTOS and L. S�keova (2010)
"Initial L2C multipath and noise performance analysis from real data." Buletim de Ci�ncias Geodésicas, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 73-85.

Cao, W., A. Hauschild, P. Steigenberger, R. B. Langley, L. Urquhart, M. C. SANTOS and O. Montenbruck (2010)
"Performance Evaluation of Integrated GPS/GIOVE Precise Point Positioning." Proceedings of the 2010 International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, January 25-27, San Diego, California, pp. 540-552.

Urquhart, L , F G Nievinski and M. C. Santos (2010)
"Evaluation of Different Strategies for Mitigating Azimuthally Asymmetric Tropospheric Delays." European Geosciences Union General Assembly (EGU 2010), 3-7 May, Vienna.

Santos, M. C., R. van der Bree, H. van der Marel, S. Verhagen, and C. A. Garcia (2010)
"Experimental Assessment of a PPP-based P2-C2 bias estimation." IGS Workshop, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, 28 June – 2 July, 2010.

Verhagen, S., D. Grejner-Brzezinska, G. Retscher, M. Santos, X. Ding, Y. Gao, and S. Jin (2009)
"Geodetic sensor systems and sensor networks: positioning and applications." VII Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy, IAG Symposia 137, pp. 47- 51, DOI10.1007/978-3-642-22078-4 7.

Santos, M. C. (2009)
"A few guidelines on how to write technical papers and reports." Presentation to GGEGSS, 1 December, 2009, Fredericton.

Kingdon, R., P. Vaníček and M. SANTOS (2009)
"Modeling topographical density for geoid determination." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 46, No. 8, pp. 571-585. Doi: 10.1139/E09-018.

Leandro, R. F., M. C. SANTOS and R. B. Langley (2009)
"A North America Wide Area neutral atmosphere model for GNSS applications." Navigation, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 57-71.

Costa, M. F., M. C. SANTOS and L. D. D. Ferreira (2008)
"Coordinate transformation based on a covariance matrix estimated by least squares collocation." Boletim de Ci�ncias Geodésicas, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 94 -114.

Chaves, J. C., M. C. SANTOS, F. G. Nievinski and M. R. Craymer (2008)
"Sources of distortions in the Brazilian Geodetic Network." Boletim de Ci�ncias Geodésicas, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 186-199.

Kingdon, R. , C. Hwang, Y.-S. Hsiao, and M. C. SANTOS (2008)
"Gravity Anomalies from Retracked ERS and Geosat Altimetry over the Great Lakes: Accuracy Assessment and Problems." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 1-2, 93-101 (doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2.93(SA))

Blitzkow, D., A.C.O.C. de Matos, I. O. Campos, A. Ellmann, P. Vaníček, M.C. SANTOS (2008)
"An attempt for an Amazon geoid model using Helmert anomaly." Observing our Changing Earth, Proceedings of the 2007 IAG General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, 2 – 13 July, 2007, International Association of Geodesy Symposia Vol. 133 (M. Sideris, Ed.), pp. 187-194, Springer.

Fortes, L.P.S., S.M.A. Costa, M.A.A. Lima, J.A. Fazan , J.F.G. Monico, M. C. SANTOS and P. Tétreault (2008)
"Modernizing the Brazilian Active Control Network." Observing our Changing Earth, Proceedings of the 2007 IAG General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, 2 – 13 July, 2007, International Association of Geodesy Symposia Vol. 133 (M. Sideris, Ed.), pp. 65-70, Springer.

SANTOS, Marcelo C., Richard B. Langley, Rodrigo F. Leandro, Spiros Pagiatakis, Sunil Bisnath, Rock Santerre, Marc Cocard, Ahmed El-Rabbany, René Landry, Herb Dragert, Pierre Héroux, and Paul Collins (2008)
"Next-generation algorithms for navigation, geodesy and earth sciences under modernized Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)." Observing our Changing Earth, Proceedings of the 2007 IAG General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, 2 – 13 July, 2007, International Association of Geodesy Symposia Vol. 133 (M. Sideris, Ed.), pp. 871-824, Springer.

Oliveira, Leonardo C., Marcelo C. SANTOS, Felipe G. Nievinski, Rodrigo F. Leandro, Sonia M. A. Costa, Marcos F. Santos, João Magna Jr., Mauricio Galo, Paulo O. Camargo, João G. Monico, Carlos U. Silva, Tule B. Maia (2008)
"Searching for the optimal relationships between SIRGAS2000, South American Datum of 1969 and Córrego Alegre in Brazil." Observing our Changing Earth, Proceedings of the 2007 IAG General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, 2 – 13 July, 2007, International Association of Geodesy Symposia Vol. 133 (M. Sideris, Ed.), pp. 71-79, Springer.

Avalos, David, Marcelo SANTOS and Petr Vaníček (2008)
"Insights into the Mexican Gravimetric Geoid (GGM05)." Observing our Changing Earth, Proceedings of the 2007 IAG General Assembly, Perugia, Italy, 2 – 13 July, 2007, International Association of Geodesy Symposia Vol. 133 (M. Sideris, Ed.), pp. 421-425, Springer.

Koohzare, A., P. Vaníček and M. C. SANTOS (2008)
"Pattern of recent Vertical Crustal Motion in Canada." Journal of Geodynamics.

Leandro, R. F, R. B. Langley and M. C. SANTOS (2008)
"UNB3m_pack: A neutral atmosphere delay package for GNSS." GPS Solutions, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 65-70.

Ellmann, A, S., P. Vaníček and M. C. SANTOS (2007)
"Interrelation between the geoid and orthometric heights." Proceedings of First International Gravity Field Service General Assembly, Istanbul, Turkey, 28 August - September 1, 2006, pp 136-141.

Leandro, R. F., M. C. SANTOS and R. B. Langley (2007)
"PPP-based Ionospheric Activity Monitoring." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, Fort Worth, Texas, 25-28 September, 2007, pp. 2849-2853.

Leandro, Rodrigo F., Marcelo C. SANTOS, and Richard B. Langley (2007)
"GAPS: the GPS analysis and positioning software - a brief overview." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, Fort Worth, Texas, September 25-28, pp. 18007-1811.

Leandro, Rodrigo F., Richard B. Langley, and Marcelo C. SANTOS (2007)
"Estimation of P2-C2 Biases by Means of Precise Point Positioning." Proceedings of the ION 63rd Annual Meeting, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 23-25, pp. 225-231.

Farret, Julio C. and Marcelo C. SANTOS (2007)
"Performance analysis of a L1-C/A code smoothing receiver under field conditions of land reform in Brazil." Proceedings of the ION 63rd Annual Meeting, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 23-25, pp. 327-339.

Sükeová, Liliána, Marcelo C. SANTOS, Richard B. Langley, Rodrigo F. Leandro, Okwuchi Nnani, Felipe Nievinski (2007)
"GPS L2C Signal Quality Analysis." Proceedings of the ION 63rd Annual Meeting, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 23-25, pp. 232-241.

Leandro, R. F. and M. C. SANTOS (2007)
"A Neural Network Approach for Regional Vertical Total Electron Content Modelling." Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, Vol. 51, 279-292.

Santos, M. C. (2007)
"Benefits in using SIRGAS2000." (English version) Ponto de Refer�ncia, Year 2, No. 2, pp. 9-11.

Leandro, R., R. B. Langley and M. C. SANTOS (2006)
"UNB neutral atmosphere models: development and performance." Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation National Technical Meeting, 18-20 January, 2006, Monterrey, CA, USA.

Larocca, A. P. C., R. E. Schaal, M. C. SANTOS and R. B. Langley (2006)
"Monitoring the dynamic behaviour of suspension bridge towers using GPS." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, 29-26 September, 2006, Fort Worth, Texas, pp. 1477-1487.

Leandro, R. F., M. C. SANTOS and R. B. Langley (2006)
"Wide Area Neutral Atmosphere Models for GNSS Applications." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, 29-26 September, 2006, Fort Worth, Texas, pp. 1910-1924.

Fortes, L. P. S., S. M. A. Costa, M. A. A. Lima, J. A. Fazan, J. F. G. Monico, M. C. SANTOS and P. Tétreault (2006)
"Modernizing the Brazilian Active Control Network." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, 29-26 September, 2006, Fort Worth, Texas, pp. 2759-2768.

Leandro, R. and M. C. SANTOS (2006)
"Wide Area based Precise Point Positioning." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, 29-26 September, 2006, Fort Worth, Texas, USA.

SANTOS, M.C., P. Vaníček, W. E. Featherstone, R. Kingdon, A. Ellmann, B.-A. Martin, M. Kuhn and R. Tenzer (2006)
"The relation between rigorous and Helmert's definitions of orthometric heights." Journal of Geodesy, Vol 80, pp. 691-704.

Fortes, L. P. F., S.M.A. Costa, M.A.A. Lima, J.A. Fazan and M. C. SANTOS (2006)
"Accessing the New SIRGAS2000 Reference Frame through a modernized Brazilian Active Control Network." International Association of Geodesy Symposia (Ed. C. Rizos), IAG, IAPSO and IABO Joint Assembly "Dynamic Planet", Cairns, Australia, 22-26 August 2005, Springer, pp. 653-659.

Koohzare, A., P. Vaníček and M. SANTOS (2006)
"The use of smooth piecewise algebraic approximation in the determination of vertical crustal movements in Eastern Canada." International Association of Geodesy Symposia(Ed. C. Rizos), IAG, IAPSO and IABO Joint Assembly "Dynamic Planet", Cairns, Australia, 22-26 August 2005, Springer, pp. 498-503.

Nievinski, F. and M. C. SANTOS (2006)
"An Analysis of Errors Introduced by the Use of Transformation Grids." International Association of Geodesy Symposia (Ed. C. Rizos), IAG, IAPSO and IABO Joint Assembly "Dynamic Planet", Cairns, Australia, 22-26 August 2005, Springer, pp. 677-684.

Leandro, R. and M. C. SANTOS (2006)
"An Empirical Stochastic Model for GPS." International Association of Geodesy Symposia(Ed. C. Rizos), IAG, IAPSO and IABO Joint Assembly "Dynamic Planet", Cairns, Australia, 22-26 August 2005, Springer, pp. 179-185.

Leandro, R., C. A. U. Silva and M. C. SANTOS (2006)
"Feeding Neural Networks Models with GPS Observations: A Challenging Task." International Association of Geodesy Symposia (Ed. C. Rizos), IAG, IAPSO and IABO Joint Assembly "Dynamic Planet", Cairns, Australia, 22-26 August 2005, Springer, pp. 186-193.

Koohzare, A., P. Vaníček and M. SANTOS (2006)
"Compilation of the map of recent vertical crustal movements in eastern Canada using GIS." Journal of Surveying Engineering, ASCE, Vol.132, No.4, pp.160-167.

Santos, M. C. (2006)
"SIRGAS2000, the geocentric frame of Brazil." (English version) Ponto de Refer�ncia, Year 1, No. 1, pp. 5-6.

Kingdon, R., P. Vaníček, M. SANTOS, A. Ellmann and R. Tenzer (2005)
"Toward an improved orthometric height system for Canada." Geomatica, Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 241-250.

Schall, R. E., A. P. Larroca and M. C. SANTOS (2005)
"Using GPS to monitor movement of a cable-stayed bridge." Professional Surveyor, July 2005, pp. 12-15.

Tenzer, R., P. Vaníček, M. SANTOS, W. E. Featherstone, M. Kuhn (2005)
"The rigorous determination of orthometric heights." Journal of Geodesy, Vol. 79, No. 1-3, pp.82-92.

Larocca, A. P., R. E. Schaal, M. C. SANTOS and R. B. Langley (2005)
"Monitoring the deflection of the Pierre Laporte suspension bridge with the Phase Residual Method", Proceedings of the ION GNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, CA, USA, pp. 2023-2028.

Larocca, A. P., R. E. Schaal, M. C. SANTOS, R. B. Langley and D. Kim (2005)
"Dynamic monitoring of structures at the millimeter level: GPS versus displacement transducers and accelerometers - a summary." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, CA, pp. 1957-1960.

SANTOS, M. C., F. Nievinski, K. Cove, R. Kingdon and D. Wells (2005)
"Range-Extended Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) in a marine environment." Proceedings of the ION GNSS 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division, 13-16 September, 2005, Long Beach, CA, pp. 805-809.

Nievinski, F., K. Cove, M.C. SANTOS, D. Wells and R. Kingdon (2005)
"Range-Extended GPS Kinematic Positioning using Numerical Weather Prediction Model." Proceeding of the Institute of Navigation 61st Annual Technical Meeting, 27-29 June, 2005, Cambridge, MA., pp. 902-911.

Leandro, R. and M.C. SANTOS (2005)
"A Stochastic Approach for the Estimation of GPS Covariance Matrix of Observations." Proceeding of the Institute of Navigation 61st Annual Technical Meeting, 27-29 June, 2005, Cambridge, MA., pp. 1098-1104.

Hogan, M and M. C. SANTOS (2005)
"Advanced Mission Planning Tool For Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) GPS Surveying." Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation National Technical Meeting, 24-26 January, 2005, San Diego, Cal., USA, pp. 480-488.

Hernandez Navarro. A, P. Vaníček, M. C. SANTOS and R. Tenzer (2004)
"Evaluation del effecto Atmosferico Directo, en el Area de Influencia de la Solución Geoidal Mexicana." Revista Cartografica, No. 78-79, January-February.

Cove, K., M. C. SANTOS, D. Wells and S. Bisnath (2004)
"Improved tropospheric delay estimation for long baseline, carrier phase differential GPS positioning in a coastal environment." Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation GNSS-2004, 21-24 September, 2004, Long Beach, CA, USA, pp. 925-932.

Bisnath, S., D. Wells, M. SANTOS and Karen Cove (2004)
"Initial Results from a Long Baseline, Kinematic, Differential GPS Carrier Phase Experiment in a Marine Environment" Proceedings of IEEE PLANS 2004.

Wells, D., S. Bisnath, S. Howden, D. Dodd, M. SANTOS and K. Cove (2004)
"Prospects for Extended-Range Marine PPK". The International Navigation Conference MELAHA 2004, 13-15 April, 2004, Cairo Egypt.

SANTOS, M. C., Dave Wells, K. Cove and S. Bisnath (2004)
"The Princess of Acadia GPS Project: Description and scientific challenges." Proceedings of the Canadian Hydrographic Conference CHC2004, 25-27 May, 2004, Ottawa.

Cove, K. M. and M. C. SANTOS (2004)
"An analysis of carrier phase differential kinematic GPS positioning using DynaPos™". GPS Solutions, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 210-216 Springer.

R. Kingdon, R. Tenzer, M. SANTOS and P. Vaníček (2004)
"Calculation of the spherical terrain correction to Helmert's orthometric height." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(17), Joint Assembly Suppl., Abstract G43B-02.

Koohzare, A., P. Vaníček and M. SANTOS (2004)
"Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Observed using Historical Tide Gauge Records and Precise Re-levelling Data in Eastern Canada." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(17), Joint Assembly Suppl., Abstract G41A-01.

Rafiq, M. and M. SANTOS (2004)
"Study of eastern Canadian coastal site displacement due to ocean tide loading using a GPS network in Atlantic Canada." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(17), Joint Assembly Suppl., Abstract G43A-04.

Leandro, R. and M. SANTOS (2004)
"Regional computation of TEC using a neural network model." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(17), Joint Assembly Suppl., Abstract G43A-05.

H. Yang, R. Tenzer, P. Vaníček and M. SANTOS (2004)
"Atmospheric effect in the three-space scenario for the Stokes-Helmert method of geoid determination." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(17), Joint Assembly Suppl., Abstract G51B-10.

M. C. SANTOS, R. Tenzer and P Vaníček (2004)
"Mean Gravity Along Plumbline." Eos Trans. AGU, 85(17), Joint Assembly Suppl., Abstract G43B-03.

Cove K., M. C. SANTOS, L. Huff, B. Remondi, and D. Wells (2003)
"Assessment of performance of ionospheric delay-free GPS carrier phase kinematic relative positioning with varying baseline lengths." United States Hydrographic Conference 2003, March, 25-27, Biloxi, Miss.

Alves, S. M. C., M. C. SANTOS & C. Gemael (2003)
"A velocity field estimation of the Brazilian portion of the SOAM plate." GPS Solutions, Vol. 7 No. 3, Springer.

SANTOS, M., R. Tenzer and P. Vaníček (2003)
"Effect of Terrain on the Orthometric Height." 29th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Geophysical Union, 10-14 May, Banff, AB.

SANTOS, M. C.and J. C. F. Farret (2002)
"Detection and mitigation of static multipath in L1 carrier phase measurements using a dual-antenna approach." Vistas for Geodesy in the New Millennium, J. Ádám and K.-P. Schwarz (Eds.) International Association of Geodesy Symposia Vol. 125, IAG Scientific Assembly, Budapest, Hungary, 2-7 September, 2001, Springer, pp.398-403.

Fedrizzi, M, R. B. Langley, A. Komjathy, M. C. SANTOS, E. R. de Paula and I. J. Kantor (2002)
"The low-latitude ionosphere: monitoring its behaviour with GPS." GPS World, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 41-47.

Tenzer R., P. Novák, J. Janák, J. Huang, M. Najafi-Alamdari, P. Vajda and M. SANTOS (2003)
"A review of the UNB approach for precise geoid determination based on the Stokes-Helmert method." Honoring the academic life of Petr Vaníček, M. Santos (Ed.), Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 218, January, pp. 213.

SANTOS M. C., C. Gemael, B. Blake, P. Faggion, C. Krueger, L. D. Ferreira, M. Soares and A. Szostak-Chrzanowski (2001)
"Stage 1 of the subsidence project monitoring of the area surrounding Salto Caxias Power Dam, in Brazil." Presented at the FIG 10th International Symposium on Deformation Measurements, 19-22 March, Orange, CA, USA.

Farret J. and M. C. SANTOS (2001)
"An alternative method for detection and mitigation of static multipath in L1 carrier phase measurements" Presented at the Institute of Navigation National Technical Meeting, 22-24 January, Long Beach, CA.

SANTOS, M. C., C. B. Souza and S. R. C. de Freitas (2000)
"A practical evaluation of the fast static method." Geomatica, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 504-512.

SANTOS, M. C., L. D. D. Ferreira, I. F. Lago and P. Merege Filho (2000)
"Integration between GPS and GLONASS." (in Portuguese) Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, Vol. 6, N. 2, December, pp. 25 a 37.

SANTOS, M. C., N. C. C. Silva and L. C. Oliveira. (2000)
"An assessment on the effect of tropospheric delay on geodetic positioning using GPS data collected by the RBMC network." Advances in Space Dynamics, Antonio F. B. A. Prado (Ed.), National Institute of Space Research, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, pp. 447-455.

Hughes Clarke, J., M. C. SANTOS and C. Reid (2000)
"Underwater mapping at Reversing Falls." Applications Contest, GPS World, Vol. 11, No. 8, p. 14.

SANTOS, M. C. and P. R. S. Benevides. (1999)
"Modelling of the local reference frame ARATU with respect to the geocentric reference SIRGAS." (in Portuguese) Proceedings of XIX Brazilian Congress of Cartography (on CD-ROM), Sociedade Brasileira de Cartografia, Salvador, BA, Brazil, CII-02.

SANTOS, M. C. (1999)
"Determination of transformation parameters between ARATU and WGS-84 reference frames." Final Report, Contract Petrobras/UFPR, Space Geodesy Lab, Department of Geomatics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 80 pp.

Costa, S. M. A., M. C. SANTOS and C. Gemael (1999)
"The integration of Brazilian geodetic system into terrestrial reference systems." Abstracts, XXII General Assembly, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Birmingham, England, 19-24 July, p. A.415.

S. R. de Freitas, J. Cordini, C. P. Krueger and M. C. SANTOS (1998)
"The geocentric position of the Brazilian vertical datum." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Marine Positioning INSMAP 1998, P. J. Fell, M. Kumar, G. A. Maul and G. Seeber (Eds.), Marine Technology Society, Melbourne, USA, 30 November - 4 December, pp. 230-240.

Oliveira, L. C., J. F. G. Monico, M. C. SANTOS and D. Blitzkow (1998)
"Some considerations related to the new realization of the SAD-69 in Brazil." Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames, F. K. Brunner (Ed.), International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Vol. 118, IAG Scientific Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 3-9 September, 1997, Springer, Berlin, pp. 205-210.

SANTOS, M. C.., A. J. B. Vieira and H. Firkowski (1998)
"The GPS component of the project for digital mapping of the Karst aquifer system near Curitiba, Brazil." Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames, F. K. Brunner (Ed.), International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Vol. 118, IAG Scientific Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 3-9 September, 1997, Springer, Berlin, p. 387.

S. R. de Freitas, M. C. SANTOS, J. Cordini and E. Maroni (1998)
"Multi-parametric experiment for observing crustal deformations in Southern Brazil." Geodesy on the move, R. Forsberg, M. Feissel and R. Dietrich (Eds.), International Association of Geodesy Symposia, Vol. 119, IAG Scientific Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 3-9 September, 1997, Springer, Berlin, pp. 431-436.

SANTOS, M. C., P. Vaníček and R. B. Langley (1997)
"Effect of mathematical correlation on GPS network computation." Journal of Surveying Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineering, Vol. 123, No. 3, pp. 101-112

SANTOS, M. C., P. Vaníček and R. B. Langley (1996)
"Principles of orbit improvement and generation of ephemerides for the Global Positioning System satellites." Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, Sociedade Brasileira de Geofísica, Vol. 14, No. 3, November, pp. 253-262.

SANTOS, M. C. (1992)
"High frequency variations in the length of day." (in Portuguese) Revista do Instituto Geográfico e Cadastral, Vol. 11, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 51-56.

Santos, M. C. (1999)
"Data banks, GPS and coordinate systems." (English version) InfoGeo, EspaçoGeo, Year 2 No. 5, January/February, pp. 27-28.

SANTOS, M. C. (1989)
"Study on the application of NAVSTAR/GPS to marine gravimetry, in Eötvös correction." (in Portuguese) Anais Hidrográficos, Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação, Tomo XLVI, 1989, pp. 55-59.

SANTOS, M.C. and G. N. Silva (1987)
"Processing of hydrographic data." (in Portuguese) Anais Hidrográficos, Diretoria de Hidrografia e Navegação, Tomo XLIV, 1987, pp. 127-186.

Lecture Notes, Reports, and Other Documents

Garcia, C. A. (2015)
Development and Evaluation of Precise Point Positioning for Time And Frequency Transfer. Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Master of Science Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, 139 pages.

Santos, M. C. and C. A. Garcia (2011)
Generation of a NAD27-NAD83(CSRS) NTv2-type Grid Shift File for New Brunswick. Contract Report delivered to Service New Brunswick, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, 30 pages.

Meredith Hutchison, Sue Nichols, Marcelo SANTOS, Hazel Onsrud and Silvane Paixao (2006)
"Demarcation and Registration of Indigenous Lands in Brazil." Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 238, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 40 pp.

Santos, M.C. (Editor) (2003)
Honoring the academic life of Petr Vaníček. Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering Technical Report No. 218, January, pp. 213.

Santos, M. C. (1999)
Stability of Geodetic Structures(in Portuguese), Federal University of Paraná Press, Curitiba, PR, Brazil, 79 pp.

Santos, M. C. (1990)
"NAVSTAR-GPS: Aspectos Teóricos e Aplicaçôes Geofísicas." M. Sc. Thesis (in Portuguese). Observatório Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, May.