This course surveys recent political thinkers from the celebrated critic of modernity Friedrich Nietzsche to the post-modernist Jean-François Lyotard. It coheres thematically by focusing on their implicit and explicit responses to the three grand questions of the 20th century: What is wrong with modernity? What happened to the proletarian revolutions of Europe? How can the Holocaust be explained? Other thinkers examined include Lukács, Weber, Gramsci, Cassirer, Horkeimer, Arendt, de Beauvoir, Voegelin and Foucault.