| Examines how European states and societies have defined and responded to criminality since the 18th century. Explores how perceptions of criminals have evolved with reference to the categories of class, gender, and race. Surveys the evolution of legal, policing, and penal systems, considering the impact of industrialization, ongoing cultural and social change, the emergence of dictatorships, and total war. Employs a comparative perspective, drawing on case studies from a variety of European nations. |
