Biology

Students should note that in the Science Faculty the minimum acceptable grade in a course that is required by a particular program or is used to meet a prerequisite, is a "C". Any student who fails to attain a "C" or better in such a course must repeat the course (at the next regular session) until a grade of "C" or better is attained. Students will not be eligible for graduation until such deficiencies are removed. The only exception will be granted for a single course with a "D" grade that is a normal part of the final year of that program, and is being taken for the first time in the final year.

NOTE: See the beginning of Section H for abbreviations, course numbers and coding.

BIOL1622Topics in Biology II: Life on a Small Scale3 ch (3C)

This course will introduce students to biological concepts that apply to everyday life. Topics will be chosen to help students understand the molecular interactions that are essential for life, the cellular processes that are required for survival and reproduction, and the importance of these to human health, industry, and the environment. NOTE: This course is not equivalent to BIOL 1001/BIOL 1009 or BIOL 1012/BIOL 1019, and is restricted to students who have not received prior credit for BIOL 1001BIOL 1009, BIOL 1012, or BIOL 1019. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 1622 and BIOL 1629.

BIOL1629Topics in Biology II - Life on a Small Scale - Online3 ch (3C)
This course will introduce students to biological concepts that apply to everyday life. Topics will be chosen to help students understand the molecular interactions that are essential for life, the cellular processes that are required for survival and reproduction, and the importance of these to human health, industry, and the environment. NOTE: This course is not equivalent to BIOL 1001/BIOL 1009 or BIOL 1012/BIOL 1019, and is restricted to students who have not received prior credit for BIOL 1001, BIOL 1009, BIOL 1012, or BIOL 1019. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 1622 and BIOL 1629.
BIOL1711Human Anatomy I4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)

This course is a general study of human anatomy which will include the following systems: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous (including eye and ear), cardiovascular, lymphatic, urinary, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive. Limited enrolment; priority given to students in Kinesiology, Nursing and Biology-Chemistry (Pre-Health Professions stream). Biology honours, majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective. 

Co-requisite: BIOL 1001 or BIOL 1009 or permission of the instructor. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 1711 and BIOL 1719.

BIOL2053Introductory Genetics3 ch (3C 1T)

Basic concepts of classical genetics including Mendelian genetics, gene interactions, sex linkage, linkage mapping and recombination, complementation are introduced. These are integrated with current topics including gene and chromosome structure and function, mutation, gene expression, transposable elements, extra nuclear genetics, quantitative and population genetics. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 1001 or BIOL 1009, BIOL 1006, BIOL 1012 or BIOL 1019, BIOL 1017

BIOL2103Evolution3 ch (3C)
An introduction to evolutionary theory explaining biological unity and diversity, from pre-Darwinian ideas to current issues in evolutionary biology. Theoretical and empirical studies are integrated to elucidate evolutionary processes and outcomes. Upon course completion, students will be able to summarize the evidence supporting evolutionary theory and its historical development, describe mechanisms of evolutionary change above and below the species level, and explain the evolution of common life histories and behaviours. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 1001 or BIOL 1009, BIOL 1006, BIOL 1012 or BIOL 1019, BIOL 1017


Co-requisite: BIOL 2053.
BIOL2501Pathophysiology I3 ch (3C) (LE)

Introduces students to the study of the disruption of the normal balance of selected systems of the human body by disease and other perturbations. Limited enrolment. Nursing students and BMLS students have first priority; others need permission of the instructor. Biology honours, majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective. 

 Prerequisite: BIOL 1782 or BIOL 1789. Credit will not be given for BIOL 2501 and BIOL 2509.

BIOL2513Pathophysiology II3 ch (3C) (LE)

A continuation of BIOL 2501 with emphasis on perturbations to the normal functioning of organ systems.  Limited enrolment. Nursing students and BMLS students have first priority; others need permission of the instructor. Biology majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective.

Prerequisite: BIOL 2501 or BIOL 2509. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 2513 and BIOL 2519.

BIOL2629Virtual Techniques in Molecular Biology3 ch (3C)
This online course teaches the theory and demonstrates the techniques used to investigate processes required for life from biochemical, molecular, genetic, and cellular perspectives. Topics will include the recombinant DNA technology, DNA analysis, gene expression, and protein analysis. NOTE: Not equivalent to BIOL 2028, and restricted to students who have not received prior credit for BIOL 2028.

Prerequisites: one of BIOL 1001, BIOL 1009, BIOL 1622, BIOL 1629, or permission of the instructor.
BIOL2721Human Physiology II4 ch (3C 2L) (LE)

This course is a continuation of BIOL 1782/BIOL 1789 with emphasis on metabolism, muscle and bone physiology, immune responses and healing. Limited enrolment; Kinesiology students have first priority. Biology honours, majors and minors cannot count this course as a Biology Credit, only as an elective. 

Prerequisite: BIOL 1782 or BIOL 1789.

BIOL2759Physiology and Pathophysiology for Licensed Practical Nurses3 ch (3C)
This course will provide a detailed review of normal human physiology and then focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diseases in each organ system. This course is online and only open to students in the Licensed Practical Nurse to Bachelor of Nursing Pathway program. 

Prerequisite: Admission into the Licensed Practical Nurse to Bachelor of Nursing Pathway program
BIOL3013Advanced Genetics3 ch (3C)

The goal of this course is to develop knowledge about the concepts and process of genetic analysis and its applications in research, including concepts of experimental design, methodology, and interpretation of results. Using this perspective, we explore the experimental approaches used to identify and characterize the role of genes involved in biological processes and how these approaches are applied to specific examples from the research literature.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2053, BIOL 2023, or equivalent.

BIOL3043Cell Biology3 ch (3C)

An examination of the structure and function of cells, focusing on the molecules and molecular mechanisms mediating the activities of membranes, cellular compartments, protein and vesicular transport and targeting, cytoskeletal construction and dynamics, the cell cycle, regulation of cell size, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cellular differentiation and the development of multicellular organisms. The course also focuses on how the knowledge in cellular biology was obtained, on the limits to our understanding, and on current advances.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2053, BIOL 2023. Strongly recommended: BIOL 2028.

BIOL3058Genetic Analysis Laboratory4 ch (2C 3L) (LE)

An exploration of gene inheritance, mutation, regulation of gene expression, and genetic interactions. The laboratories involve the use of model eukaryotic organisms to ask questions about physiology and development at the organismal, cellular and molecular levels. Limited enrolment.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2023, BIOL 2028; and one of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103.

BIOL3073Biochemistry of Gene Expression3 ch (3C)

The structures and functions of all biological entities are dependent upon regulated gene expression. In this course, we will explore selected topics in gene expression from a molecular genetic and biochemical perspective. Topics may include: genome and gene structure, the processes of transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the structures and functions of RNA polymerase and the ribosome, the fine scale structures of gene promoters, and a detailed mechanistic examination of how gene expression is regulated in the cell. Note: Students will download and use a free molecular modelling program in this course; a laptop computer is strongly recommended.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2053, BIOL 2023, BIOL 2063. Recommended: BIOL 2028

BIOL3083Botany5 ch (3C 3L) (LE) [W]

During the course of their lives, plants must perform all of the same functions as animals to survive: find a suitable place to live, acquire resources, find a mate, and defend themselves from enemies. However, plants are at an apparent disadvantage in comparison to most animals because they must perform all of these activities without the benefit of mobility. Yet, it is a green world and so this handicap is more apparent than real. This course explores the great diversity of plants, and examines their form in relation to function to understand how plants manage to meet the challenges faced by all organisms. Limited enrolment. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003, BIOL 2008, BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068.

BIOL3113Evolutionary Ecology (A)5 ch (3C 3L)

This lecture and lab-based course explores key ideas about ecological causes of evolutionary change. Topics will include natural and sexual selection, life histories, phenotypic plasticity, mating systems, evolutionary conflict, and co-evolution.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003, BIOL 2008, and one of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103

BIOL3162Developmental Biology of Animals3 ch (3C)

An exploration of animal development from fertilization to death, with emphasis on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Students will gain an understanding of how the knowledge in development biology was obtained, and of gaps in knowledge and current research.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2053, BIOL 2023, BIOL 2063. Strongly recommended: BIOL 3043.

BIOL3173Marine Biology Field Course (O)4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)

Introduces the study of the seashore and coastal waters. Emphasizes nature and ecology of littoral flora and fauna and practical methods of study. Held at the Huntsman Marine Science Centre in St. Andrews, N.B. Twelve days in length, given immediately after spring examinations. A charge for accommodation is required. Enrolment limited, selection based on CGPA. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 1001 or BIOL 1009, BIOL 1006, BIOL 1012 or BIOL 1019BIOL 1017, or equivalent.

BIOL3242Molecular Evolution3 ch (3C)

The course provides a synthesis of our understanding of evolution at the molecular level. It covers the dynamics of evolutionary change (i.e., rates and patterns), the driving forces behind the evolutionary process, the effects of various molecular mechanisms and processes on the structure and evolution of genes and genomes.

Prerequisites: One of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103BIOL 2023.

BIOL3261Microbiology3 ch (3C)

Principles of prokaryotic, cell biology, including cell structures and their function, metabolism and growth, and regulation of cellular processes. Topics include the response of bacteria to environmental factors, bacterial-host interactions, and molecular and genomic tools to study microbiology.

PrerequisitesBIOL 2013 or BIOL 2053, BIOL 2023, BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068.

BIOL3293Population Genetics4 ch (3C 2L)

An introduction to the branch of evolutionary biology concerned with the genetic structure of populations and how it changes through space and time. Topics will include the main evolutionary forces and their effects on patterns of phenotypic and molecular variation within and among populations, molecular markers and their applications in evolutionary and conservation biology, and an introduction to unifying concepts such as the genetics of speciation, molecular evolution, and population genomics. Laboratory sessions will emphasize the use of different computer packages for the analysis and interpretation of the data encountered in population genetics.

Prerequisites: One of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103; STAT 2264 or equivalent. Recommended: BIOL 2003.

BIOL3323Introduction to Neurobiology3 ch (3C)
Introduces the cellular and molecular bases of nervous system function in animals. We will learn what distinguishes neurons from other cell types, survey how neurons communicate with each other, and examine how they are organized into functional circuits. We will apply these basic principles towards understanding the specific mechanisms underlying the function of sensory systems and their behavioural outputs. Examples from the primary literature will be considered.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2023, BIOL 2028. Strongly Recommended: one of BIOL 3033, BIOL 3043.
BIOL3371Paleontology (Cross-Listed: ESCI 3271)4 ch (2C 3L) [W]
This course provides an overview of the evolution of life on Earth, its origin, diversification and its gradual expression from sea to land. Focus is on the processes leading to fossilization and on the major events of the evolution of life. Students are introduced to taxonomy and ecology of the non-vertebrate groups most commonly represented in the fossil record, with special attention for the fossilizable parts and their significance towards understanding the evolution of the total-biosphere. Further emphasis is on how fossilized remains and traces of organisms can be used in the fields of stratigraphy, paleoecology and paleoclimatology. Credit may not be obtained for both ESCI 3271 and BIOL 3371.

Prerequisites:
One pairing of either ESCI 1001 and ESCI 1006/ESCI 1026/ESCI 1035, or ESCI 1012 and ESCI 1017.
BIOL3412Plant Physiology and Development5 ch (3C, 3L)
An examination of how plants function, divided into three modules: (i) interactions with the environment, focusing on how plants acquire water and nutrients, transport them, use them, and control their concentrations; (ii) biochemistry and metabolism, focusing on how plants acquire energy and transform it into usable forms, and how plants construct the compounds they need; (iii) growth and development, focusing on how plants achieve their size and shape, and how they respond to environmental stimuli. Plant physiology within the context of other fields, such as evolutionary biology and ecology, is also discussed. For example, many of the physiological differences between members of the plant kingdom represent unique adaptations to the environment. From an ecological perspective, these adaptations influence the abundance and geographic distribution of species across the planet. The lab provides training in physiological measurements, writing abstracts, and constructing graphs. 

Prerequisites: Two of the following pairs of courses: BIOL 2003 and BIOL 2008, BIOL 2063 and BIOL 2068, BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, BIOL 2023 and BIOL 2028, BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103; or permission of the instructor. 
BIOL3441Ecology of Populations and Communities4 ch (3C 3L)

To understand and link processes acting on individuals, populations and communities in space and time. To predict the response of individuals, populations and communities to disturbance, and to understand the implications of such responses for management of populations, communities and ecosystems. Students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 3441 and FOR 3445 . 

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003, BIOL 2008, or FOR 2113

BIOL3453Plants and People3 ch (3C)

Plants have shaped people by influencing almost every aspect of our lives: how we live, eat, heal, and play. Likewise we continue to shape plants and plant communities through our desire for particular traits, products and environments. In this course we will discuss the biological, sociological and economic impact of our use of plants for food, drugs, shelter, landscaping and more. We will also explore some of New Brunswick’s important plant based economies such as lumber, potatoes and brewing. Course evaluation will focus on student projects/presentations of a chosen relevant topic.

Prerequisites: BIOL 1001 or BIOL 1009, BIOL 1006, BIOL 1012 or BIOL 1019, BIOL 1017, and either (one of BIOL 2003, BIOL 2013, BIOL 2023BIOL 2063, or BIOL 2103), or (one of FOR 2113, FOR 2416, FOR 2425, FOR 2435, FOR 2505) or with the permission of the instructor.
BIOL3493Introduction to Virology3 ch (3C)
This course covers the fundamental features of virology including the structure and classification of viruses. We will examine the processes of viral attachment, replication, expression and assembly, and discuss various virus-host interactions including transmission, latency, evolution and disease. Modern advances in virology will also be addressed such as antivirals, vaccines, prion diseases and viral ecology.

 
Prerequisites: BIOL 2023Recommended: BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068.

BIOL3559Ethnobotany3 ch (3C)
Plants have been used by humans throughout recorded history for food, shelter, recreation, and therapeutic purposes. This is an online introduction to the field of ethnobotany, the study of human uses of, and relationships with, plants. Though many types of uses are discussed, the main focus is on plants with significant medical, poisonous, or psychoactive properties and their use by humans.


Prerequisites: BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068, or equivalents; or permission of the instructor.
Recommended: BIOL 3083.

BIOL3633Biological Oceanography (O)3 ch (3C)

This course considers how oceans, which cover more than 70% of the earth's surface, act as a dominant environmental force. It examines the processes regulating the abundance, diversity, distribution and production of microbes, phytoplankton, zooplankton and high trophic levels. By exploring the influence of physical factors (i.e. tides, waves, upwelling, light), we will see how temporal and spatial scales are critical for understanding the living ocean. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003; and CHEM 1001, CHEM 1006, CHEM 1012, CHEM 1017. Recommended: BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068. NOTE: Students planning to take the Marine Block Semester should take BIOL 3633 in advance. 

BIOL3703Vertebrate Zoology 5 ch (3C 3L) (LE)

Stresses interrelationships between structure and function particularly as responses to a variable environment. Considers phylogeny and taxonomy of major groups. Limited enrolment.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068.

BIOL3713Advanced Human Anatomy (A)3 ch (3C)
This course takes a detailed look at the regional anatomy of the human body with emphasis on the head/neck, trunk, upper limb, and lower limb. Particular focus will be paid to the bones, muscles, blood vessels, nerves and clinically important surface anatomy of each of these four body regions.

Prerequisites:
BIOL 1711 Human Anatomy I. Credit cannot be obtained for both BIOL 3713 and BIOL 2812.
BIOL3833Forensic Biology I3 ch (3C)
Death is inevitable for all organisms; yet we are fascinated by death because, for most of us, it remains a mystery. This course will give students a foundation in the diverse field of forensic biology by examining the anatomical, physiological and biochemical basis of selected causes of death (forensic pathology), and investigating the processes and factors influencing human decomposition in a variety of conditions and environments (forensic taphonomy). It will also provide an introduction to other forensic sciences related to anthropology, ecology, entomology, and toxicology.


Prerequisites
: Any two of the following: (BIOL 1711 or BIOL 1719), (BIOL 1782 or BIOL 1789 or BIOL 2792), BIOL 2003, BIOL 2023, BIOL 2063, (BIOL 2721 or BIOL 2761 or BIOL 2769), ANTH 2504, ANTH 2505, ANTH 3523, or permission of the instructor.

BIOL3843Forensic Biology II3 ch (3C)

This course is a continuation of BIOL 3833 Forensic Biology I. Topics will include forensic pathology, discussion of taphonomic experiments and standardized decomposition data, estimations of post-mortem interval, and the role of stable isotope analysis in forensic biology.

Prerequisite: BIOL 3833.
BIOL3873Ethology 3 ch (3C)

An introduction to the study and evolution of animal behaviour, and the adaptive value of behaviour. The course focuses on ecological and evolutionary aspects, both the ultimate causes and effects of animal behaviour (why these behaviours are adaptive) and the proximate mechanisms by which behaviours are elicited (e.g., neural or hormonal mechanisms and control). Students also examine a behavioural aspect of their choice in small groups, and summarize the current scientific understanding for that specific behaviour using the four levels of analysis of animal behaviour. 

Prerequisite: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2103; or permission of the instructor.

BIOL3908Laboratory Studies in Vertebrate Physiology 3C (3C/L) (LE) [W]

A study of selected physiological concepts via laboratory experimentation, with emphasis on presentation and interpretation of data in relation to the literature. Limited enrolment. 

Prerequisite: BIOL 2028 or permission of the instructor. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 3802.

BIOL3933Practical Computing in Biology4 ch (2C 3L) (LE)

Recent advances in technology allow biologists to generate huge amounts of data in different fields such as genetics, ecology, and neuroscience. For many problems, manual data analysis is no longer possible, and biology is becoming increasingly quantitative and computationally intensive. In this course, you will learn how to approach biological problems using a basic toolkit including text processing, shell scripting, programming, data management, and data display. Previous programming experience is not required.

Pre- or co-requisiteSTAT 2264 or equivalent, or permission of the instructor.
BIOL3943Hypothesis Testing in Biology3 ch (3C/S)

This course provides an introduction to methods that Biologists use to address, develop and test hypotheses in biology. We will ask: How do students, researchers, and professionals in biology set up questions for their research and/or assess evidence? How do they design their experiments? What traps and pitfalls do they know to look out for? How do we know if a scientific study is flawed? This course focuses more on ideas about why we do statistics and how to interpret them, rather than the mathematical details of different tests. Examples will range from cell biology to community ecology. Students will be exposed to a range of computer software necessary to explore, interpret and understand data and test hypotheses. This course will be important for students taking upper-year lab or field courses and Honours by thesis.

Prerequisite: STAT 2264 or equivalent. 

BIOL4043Cellular Metabolism (A)3 ch (3C/S)

Life is a chemical phenomenon. Its maintenance requires the input of energy, acquisition of electrons and essential elements from the environment, and metabolic schemes to synthesize the biological molecules required for cellular viability and replication. This course examines the unifying biochemical concepts underlying diverse metabolic strategies utilized by prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2023, BIOL 2063, CHEM 2401 or CHEM 2421. Strongly recommended: BIOL 3033, BIOL 3043, BIOL 3073, BIOL 3261.
BIOL4123Evolutionary Medicine3 ch (3C)

“Nothing makes sense except in the light of evolution” (Dobzhansky, 1964). Evolutionary (or Darwinian) Medicine is a relatively new field at the intersection of evolution and medicine that uses evolutionary theory and approaches to (i) address questions related to the molecular and physiological mechanisms that underlie health and disease, (ii) understand why we are susceptible to disease, and (iii) explore ways to prevent and treat disease. This course provides (i) an overview of evolutionary theory and principles as they apply to the evolution of multicellularity, development and defense mechanisms, and (ii) a framework to appreciate the role of evolution in health and disease (including cancer, aging, and infectious diseases).

Prerequisites: One of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103BIOL 2023Recommended: BIOL 3043.

BIOL4182Experimental Embryology4 ch (2C 3L) (LE)

This course provides students with opportunities to directly observe and independently investigate aspects of embryonic development, primarily using zebrafish embryos. The development of other species is discussed, and occasionally investigated in the lab, to provide evolutionary and theoretical context. The embryonic origins of specific organ systems and structures, developmental mechanisms underlying the processes of pattern formation, and the molecular basis of some major tissue remodeling events are studied. As well, students gain experience with advanced microscopic techniques. The course culminates with a substantive independent research project. Limited enrolment. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 3043. Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 3162.

BIOL4211Marine Research Experience2 ch (3 L) (LE)
Students enrolled in the Marine Block semester will be introduced to the research themes and practices in the laboratories of their professors. Groups of students will cycle through all of the marine research labs for hands on research experience throughout the semester. Students will be expected to compile short scientific-style reports outlining the results of their respective projects in each research laboratory experience. Limited enrolment. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4221, BIOL 4641, BIOL 4691 or BIOL 4851 or BIOL 4981, BIOL 4991 as part of the Marine Biology concentration.
BIOL4221Diversity, Evolution and Ecology of Marine Plants5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)

This course will survey the diversity of marine plants (seaweed and phytoplankton) relative to one another and the other key lineages of life; exploring their diverse anatomical, cytological, life history and ecological attributes. In the laboratory students will use microscopy to explore vegetative and reproductive features of the various marine plants in our area. A significant component of the laboratory portion of the course will derive from work in the field collecting specimens for personal herbaria and completing biodiversity assessments (a cost may be associated with this trip). 

PrerequisitesBIOL 2063, BIOL 2068, or permission of the instructor. Limited enrolment. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211, BIOL 4641, BIOL 4691 or  BIOL 4851 or BIOL 4981, BIOL 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration. 

BIOL4272Science Communication (A)3 ch (4S) (LE) [W]

The ability to effectively communicate scientific principles to a general audience is an important skill with applications in business, education, government, and all science and healthcare-based professions. The course will focus on a variety of science communication formats to help students plan and execute approaches for communicating recent advancements in biology from the academic literature. Students will practice their communication skills through writing a science blog or a related medium. Our central focus will be popular science, but students will also work on communication using illustrations, presentations, and other creative works. Classes will involve discussion, writing exercises, and group work to practice clear and effective communication. The course is aimed at students in their last year of a Biology program, or an interdepartmental programs that includes: Biology. May only be taken by students who have completed the second-year core courses through their program.

Prerequisite: permission of the instructor.

BIOL4393Trophic and Food Web Ecology3 ch (2C 2L) (LE)
As children we are told that 'you are what you eat', but as ecologists we learn that 'you are what, where, when, and how you eat'. This course explores the diverse topics ecologies observed in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine consumers, and how these ecologies interact to form complex food webs in each of these biomes. The course outlines the methods by which ecologists can measure consumer trophic ecology in addition to food web size and complexity. You will learn how to measure consumer niche width, trophic interactions and food web structure using consumer diet, stable isotope  ratios and essential fatty acid profiles. Finally, the course examines the effects of environmental stressors such as climate change, biological invasions and land use on food web structure.

Prerequisites:
BIOL 2003 and BIOL 2008 , or FOR 2113, for FOR 2505, or equivalent.
BIOL4443International Ecology Field Course (A)4 ch (C/L/T) (LE)

This course allows students an on-site exposure and understanding of ecological interactions of soil, climate, plants and animals in a region outside of the Maritimes. A 10-14 day field trip to the region is required. Weekly seminars will be held in the period before the field trip. Students will be charged for travel and costs associated with the course. Limited enrolment. Open to biology and forestry students, with permission of the instructor.

BIOL4463Scientific Writing 3 ch (3C/S) (LE)[W]

A workshop and project-oriented course in scientific writing. The primary focus is on writing the journal paper. Enrolling students must have a research project (Honours thesis or other) advanced enough to be written up as part of the course activity, and must be able to share drafts with classmates. Limited enrolment.

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor. Credit can only be obtained for one of BIOL 6463, BIOL 4483, or BIOL 4463.
BIOL4483Scientific Writing Workshop2 ch (3C/S) (LE) [W]
A workshop-oriented course in scientific writing. The primary focus is on writing the journal paper. Enrolling students must have a research project (Honours thesis, independent project, or other) advanced enough to be written up as part of the course activity, and must be able to share drafts with classmates. Limited enrolment. Credit can only be obtained for one of BIOL 4483, BIOL 4463, or BIOL 6463. 

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor.
BIOL4523Phylogenetics5 ch (3C 3L)
Methods for inferring evolutionary trees and their applications to the fields of comparative biology, molecular evolution, and systematics. Topics to be covered include sequence alignment, phylogenetic inference, ancestral character state reconstruction, comparative methods, and molecular adaptation. Labs emphasize practical experience in data analysis. Credit cannot be obtained for both BIOL 4523 and BIOL 6523.

Prerequisites:
 One of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103BIOL 2063, and BIOL 2068, or equivalents, or permission of the instructor.
BIOL4533Bioinformatics: Computational Analysis of Genes and Genomes (O)4 ch (2C 4L) (LE)

Explores computational methods used in sequence analysis of genomes, genes, RNAs, and proteins. Topics include sequence alignment, genome database searching, gene prediction, RNA and protein structure, DNA and protein sequence comparison, and phylogenetic analysis. These topics will be integrated into the context of research in genetics and molecular biology. Limited enrolment.

Prerequisites: One of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103BIOL 2023, BIOL 2028.

BIOL4563Mathematical Biology (A) (Cross-Listed: MATH 4563)3 ch (3C)

Overview of the field of mathematical biology. Development, simulation and analysis of simple mathematical models describing biological systems. Equal emphasis is placed on developing simple models and case studies of successful models. The principal mathematical tools are differential and difference equations, finite mathematics, probability and statistics. This course is intended for students in their third or fourth year having an interest in biological research. 

Prerequisites: A course in statistics, MATH 2003, or MATH 2013 or equivalent, or permission of the instructor. Credit may not be obtained for both MATH 4563 and BIOL 4563.

BIOL4581Molecular Techniques in Eukaryotic Microbiology5 ch (2C 4L)

Protists (microbial eukaryotes and related groups) constitute the vast majority of the known eukaryote diversity. This course examines the origin, evolution and diversification of the major protist groups. Lecture topics include recent classification and taxonomic schemes, ecology of important lineages, and relevance to humans. Practical components of the course include the use of microscopy for identification and documentation, sampling techniques, establishment of cell cultures, high-throughput DNA sequencing and genome-scale analyses. At the end of the course the students will have a broad and integrative view of the microbial eukaryote diversity.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103; BIOL 2023, BIOL 2028BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068. Recommended: BIOL 3033, BIOL 3043.
BIOL4641Coastal Marine Ecology5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)

This course examines the ecology of shorelines, with a focus on the Atlantic coast. Topics include the setting (continental drift, sea level, species origins, water movement), primary and secondary production, reproduction and recruitment, patterns (zonation) and processes (competition, mutualism, predation, disturbance), and main habitats (rocky shores, mudflats, salt marshes) There may be an additional charge for one-day field trips. Limited enrolment.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003, BIOL 2008, BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211BIOL 4221, BIOL 4691 or BIOL 4851 or BIOL 4981, BIOL 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration. 

BIOL4688Applied Studies in Parasitology (O)4 ch (C/L/S) (LE) [W]

Designed as a follow-up to a general lecture-based course in Parasitology, and to be offered during intersession or summer session. This course emphasizes the hands-on study of animal parasites and will incorporate both field investigations and laboratory work. Students will receive training in postmortem examination, microscopy, histology, diagnostics (morphological, molecular, and immunological), experimental design, scientific writing and data presentation. There may be an additional charge for field trips (e.g. to aquaculture sites, domestic livestock farms). Limited enrolment. 

Prerequisite: BIOL 3673 or permission of the instructor. 

BIOL4691Biology of Marine Parasites5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)[W]

Nearly every life form is host to a parasite. This course emphasizes the hands-on study of parasites of invertebrate animals and marine fishes and incorporates field investigations and laboratory work. This course serves to integrate parasite diversity and life history, aspects of the ecology of parasitism, mechanisms of infection, epidemiology, host responses to infection, and pathology. Students will receive training in post-mortem examination, microscopy, parasite identification and diagnosis (morphological and molecular). Experience with experimental design, scientific writing, and data presentation will be acquired in association with independent student research projects. There may be an additional charge for field trips. Limited enrolment.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003, BIOL 2008, BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211, BIOL 4221, BIOL 4641, BIOL 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration.
BIOL4723Ornithology (O)5 ch (3C 3L) [W]

Studies birds; natural selection, morphological adaptations, migration, behaviour, and reproduction, in an ecological way.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068, or permission of the instructor. 

BIOL4741Fish Biology3 ch (3C)

A comprehensive study of fishes from the Agnatha to specialized teleosts. Topics covered include phylogeny, ecology, reproduction, behaviour, physiology, functional morphology, and conservation biology.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003, BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068, or permission of the instructor. Recommended: BIOL 2008, one of the pairs BIOL 2013 and BIOL 2018, or BIOL 2053 and BIOL 2103. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 4741 and BIOL 4981.

BIOL4746Laboratory Studies in Fish Biology (A)2 ch (3L) (LE)

This course examines practical aspects of ichthyology covered in BIOL 4741. Field trips to freshwater sites focus on assessing population size, habitat preference, and species diversity. Laboratory exercises will include dissections, fish husbandry techniques, fish ageing, and techniques to assess fish behaviour and physiological status. Limited enrolment.

Prerequisite: BIOL 3703 or permission of the instructor. Pre or co-requisite: BIOL 4741. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 4746 and BIOL 4981.

BIOL4823Life in Extreme Environments (A)3 ch (3C)

This course will examine the morphology, physiology and (where applicable) behaviour of organisms that thrive in environments that most living organisms could not survive. Collectively referred to as "extremophiles", these organisms will be studied in relation to (1) the type of extreme environment they exist in, (2) why the particular conditions are so difficult for other life forms, and (3) how the particular extremophiles has evolved and/or adapted to allow it to exist under the conditions described.

Prerequisites: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2103BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068; and one of BIOL 3261, BIOL 3802

BIOL4851Ecology of Marine Birds (O)5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)

This course treats seabirds as important components of marine food-webs. Fundamental adaptations (structure, function, physiology, life-history) of seabirds will be linked to the ecological processes driving them. The influence of major oceanographic patterns (bathymetry, currents, upwellings) on seabird distribution and numbers will be explored. Through exploration of the role of seabirds as predators of other marine biota, and in nutrient transfer between marine and terrestrial systems, students will gain a thorough understanding of the roles played by seabirds in marine and coastal systems. Course includes an overnight field trip to Grand Manan Island, for which there may be an extra cost. Examples will be drawn from current seabird research especially in Atlantic Canada. Limited enrolment. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068, or permission of the instructor. Recommended: BIOL 3633. Offered in alternate years; normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211BIOL 4221, BIOL 4641, BIOL 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration.

BIOL4863Environmental Biology4 ch (5C/L/S) (LE) [W]

Examines the effects of human activity upon the environment, both locally and globally. There may be an additional charge for field trips. Limited enrolment. 

Pre- or co-requisite: BIOL 2003 or equivalent. 

BIOL4953Forensic Biology Seminar3 ch (3S) (LE)

This course will take an in-depth look at peer-reviewed journal articles published in a wide variety of sub-disciplines under the broader topic of forensic biology. The aim of this course is to look at the existing literature in relevant areas of research with an eye to critiquing methodology, analysis, and conclusions of a variety of experiments that have potential implications in forensic science.

Prerequisite: BIOL 3833.

BIOL4973Topics in Aquatic Ecology (A)3 ch (3C/S) (LE) [W]
Aquatic Ecology is concerned with freshwater, brackish and marine ecosystems. Two or three topics for a given year may be selected from lake ecosystems, estuarine ecosystems, plankton ecology , benthic ecology, wetland biology, wetland management, Arctic aquatic ecosystems . The course consists of lectures, seminars, and readings and assessments of the primary scientific literature.

Prerequisites:
BIOL 2003 or equivalent.
BIOL4981Biology of Freshwater and Marine Fishes (A)5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)

An intensive course that combines lecture material on select taxonomic, organismal and process-oriented aspects of fish biology with laboratory and field investigations of applied fisheries science.  Field trips to freshwater and marine sites will focus on sampling methods, assessing population size, species diversity, ecology and environmental impacts. Laboratory exercises will include ageing, fish taxonomy, development and comparative functional morphology. Work will incorporate both group study and individual projects with an emphasis on scientific analysis and interpretation of data, including a formal seminar presentation. There may be an additional charge for field trips. Limited enrolment. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 2003, BIOL 2008, BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2103, BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068. Offered in alternate years; normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211BIOL 4221, BIOL 4641, BIOL 4991 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration. Credit will not be given for both BIOL 4981 and BIOL 4741/BIOL 4746.
BIOL4991Aquaculture in Canada 5 ch (C/L/S) (LE)

Aquaculture is the aquatic equivalent to terrestrial agriculture. We are in the midst of a global transition from hunting and gathering wild aquatic organisms to farming them. This course examines the biological principles and constraints of commercial and pilot-scale aquaculture in Canada, with emphasis on the Atlantic region. Although the focus of the course is on fish culture, consideration is also given to bivalve and seaweed culture. Topics covered include controlled reproduction, genetics and biotechnology, nutrition and feeding, stress and disease, and sustainability. Includes an overnight field trip to the Bay of Fundy to visit commercial and research facilities (a cost may be associated with this trip). Limited enrolment. 

Prerequisites: BIOL 2063, BIOL 2068, or permission of the instructor. Normally taken in the same term as BIOL 4211BIOL 4221, BIOL 4641, BIOL 4691 or BIOL 4851 or BIOL 4981 as part of the Marine Biology Concentration. 

BIOL3033Cell Signalling (A)3 ch (3C)

Examines the principles of gene expression and cellular regulation. The perception of extra- and intracellular signals, intracellular signal transduction pathways and the control of cell function will be examined while emphasizing experimental approaches. 

Prerequisite: BIOL 2023.  Strongly Recommended: BIOL 2013 or BIOL 2053.